DEVELOPMENT OF OPTIMAL CONDITIONS FOR THE GERMINATION OF ARGAN SEEDS (Argania spinosa (L.) SKEELS)
PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY,
Page 57-66
Abstract
Argan tree (Argania spinosa (L.) Skeels) is a medium-sized, thorny tree endemic to the semi-desert Souss valley of southwestern Morocco. Cultivated for oil and fodder, it is considered the most important plant species in North Africa from both economic and ecological standpoints. In the present work, argan seeds originating from two producing regions, namely Essaouira and Agadir, were tested for germination in different substrates (sand, peat, and 1:1 mixture of sand and peat) in order to develop effective propagation protocols for this plant. The tests were carried out using different pretreatment methods (1 mg.L-1 GA3 at 4°C for 48 h; distilled water at 4°C for 2 h; 1 mg.L-1 GA3 at 4°C for 2 h; lukewarm water at 40°C for 48 h) and two types of explants (nut and kernel). Although the results varied slightly between the two origin regions, the use of the 1:1 mixture of sand and peat as substrate has clearly enhanced In vivo germination of argan seeds both in terms of rates and duration. On the other hand, nuts germinated at a higher rate than kernels regardless of the treatment applied.
Keywords:
- Argania spinosa
- propagation
- nut
- kernel
- GA3
How to Cite
ELMANDOURI, F. Z., FADLI, A., TALHA, A., CHETTO, O., OMAR, A., BAHLOUL, Y. E., BENKIRANE, R., & BENYAHIA, H. (2020). DEVELOPMENT OF OPTIMAL CONDITIONS FOR THE GERMINATION OF ARGAN SEEDS (Argania spinosa (L.) SKEELS). PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY, 21(37-38), 57-66. Retrieved from https://www.ikppress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5411
References
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Nouaim R. The argan tree in Morocco: between myths and realities. Paris: L’Harmattan. 2005;230.
ISBN: 2-7475-8453.
Taoufiq MS, Bouzoubaa Z, Hatimi A, Tahrouch S. Study and optimization of regeneration techniques in the argan tree (Argania spinosa (L.) Skeels). Proceedings of the First International Argan Congress, Agadir; 2011.
Mokhtari M, Benismail MC, Ijirri L, Nassiri S. Development of an argan plant production system by grafting. Proc. 1st Int. Argan Cong. Agadir; 2011.
Badaouini M. Contribution to the selection and vegetative reproduction by grafting of performing argan (Argania spinosa (L) Skeels.) Specimen. Graduate thesis, IAV Hassan II, Agadir. 2015;117p.
INRA. Self-evaluation report of the medium-term research program of INRA PRHT 2013-2016; 2016.
Available:https://www.inra.org.ma/fr/content/rapport-dauto-%C3%A9valuation-du-programme-de-recherche-%C3%A0-moyen-terme-de-linra-prmt- 2013-2016
Charrouf Z. 20 years of action research to make the argan tree a lever for the sustainable development of rural Morocco. Int. Conf.: The argan tree leverage for human development in rural Morocco, Rabat; 2007.
Mezghenni H, Hamrouni L, Hanana M, Jamoussi B, Bouzid S, Khouja ML. Multiplication of the argan tree Argania spinosa (L.) Skeels. J. New Sci. 2014; 10(2):6-17.
ISSN: 2286-5314.
Dardour M. Study of pretreatments of seeds of Brachychiton populneus (Schott & Endl.) R.Br. and B. acerifolius F. Muell. in favor of their germination. J. Mater. About. Sci. 2014;5(6):1877-1884.
ISSN: 2028-2508.
Alouani M. Viability and aging of argan seeds (Argania spinosa (L.) Skeels). Africa Science 2014;10(1):245-255.
ISSN: 1813-548X
Bezzala A. Trial of introduction of the argan tree (Argania spinosa (L.) Skeels) in the M'doukel zone and evaluation of some parameters of resistance to drought. Graduate thesis, Univ. Batna, Batna. 2005; 96.
Ouallal I, Ouajdi M, Kerdouh B, Sanguin H, Rochdi A, Abbas Y.. Characterization of mycorrhizal resources for the safeguard of the argan forest ecosystem: A tool for modern biotechnology for the regeneration of the argan tree (Argania spinosa L.). Proc. 2nd Int. Argan Cong. Agadir; 2013.
Stokes P. Temperature and seed dormancy, in: Lang, A. (Ed.), Differenzierung und entwicklung / differentiation and development, handbuch der pflanzenphysiologie / Encyclopedia of Plant Physiology. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. 1965;2393–2450.
Available:https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-50088-6_60
Justamante MS, Ibáñez S, Villanova J, Pérez-Pérez JM. Vegetative propagation of argan tree (Argania spinosa (L.) Skeels) using In vitro germinated seeds and stem cuttings. Sci. Hortic. 2017;225: 81–87.
Available:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2017.06.066
Kéchaïri R, Lakhdari I. Contribution to the study of the argan tree Argania spinosa (L.) Skeels. Seedling multiplication trials at the Mascara laboratory. Graduate thesis, E.V.E. C.U. Mascara. 2002;67.
Miloudi A. Physiological and biochemical responses of the argan tree (Argania spinosa (L.) Skeels) to natural abiotic factors. PhD thesis, Univ. Es-Sénia, Oran. 2006;100.
Ziani S. Multiplication of the Argan tree (Argania spinosa L. Skeels) by In vitro seedling, microbuturing, micrografting, organogenesis and / or somatic embryogenesis. Graduate thesis, Univ. Hassiba Ben Bouali Chlef, Inst. Agro. Sci. 2014;108.
Al-Menaie HS., Al-Shatti A. Growing argan trees under Kuwait’s harsh environmental conditions. Proc. 2nd Int. Argan Cong. Agadir; 2013.
Ferradous A, Alifriqui M, Ouhammou A, Dupuis P, Khalil H. Germination and emergence of seeds of argan tree (Argania spinosa L. Skeels): Effect of provenance and the duration of storage. Proc. 3rd Int. Argan Cong. Agadir; 2015.
Alouani M, Bani Aameur F. Argan seed germination and nursery conditions: Effect of cold storage, gebberellic acid and mother-tree genotype. Ann. For. Sci. 2004; 61(2):191-194.
Urbanova T, Leubner‐Metzger G. Gibberellins and seed germination, in: Annual plant reviews online. American Cancer Society. 2018;253–284.
Available:https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119312994.apr0538
Vishal B, Kumar PP. Regulation of seed germination and abiotic stresses by gibberellins and abscisic acid. Front. Plant Sci. 2018;9.
Available:https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2018.00838
Kaneko M, Itoh H, Ueguchi-Tanaka M, Ashikari M, Matsuoka M. The α-amylase induction in endosperm during rice seed germination is caused by gibberellin synthesized in epithelium. Plant Physiol. 2002;128:1264–1270.
Available:https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.010785
Kéchaïri R, Abdoun F. Pilot tests of artificial regeneration of the argan tree in Tindouf in Algeria. Proc. 2nd Int. Argan Cong. Agadir; 2013.
Guedira M. Experimental study on the germination of argan seeds. Graduate thesis, I.A.V. Hassan II, Agadir. 1981;70.
Sicard P. Revue de l’arbre en oranie (organ of the society of friends of the tree), Bull. n° 20. Special printing Aiglon. Oran. 1957; 83.
Hmouni D, Zidane L, El Yacoubi H, Kaibi K, Maskour F, Ouallal I, Abbas Y, Rochdi A. Multiplication of the argan tree (Argania spinosa L. SKeels) by germination, cuttings and micro-cuttings. Proc. 2nd Int. Argan Cong. Agadir; 2013.
Willumsen J. Improvement of the physical conditions in peat substrates during the germination of cabbage seeds in organic farming. Proc. Int. Symp. Growing Media and Plant Nutrition in Horticulture, Acta Hort. 1997;450:183-190.
DOI: 10.17660/ActaHortic.1997.450.21
Nouaim R. The argan tree in Morocco: between myths and realities. Paris: L’Harmattan. 2005;230.
ISBN: 2-7475-8453.
Taoufiq MS, Bouzoubaa Z, Hatimi A, Tahrouch S. Study and optimization of regeneration techniques in the argan tree (Argania spinosa (L.) Skeels). Proceedings of the First International Argan Congress, Agadir; 2011.
Mokhtari M, Benismail MC, Ijirri L, Nassiri S. Development of an argan plant production system by grafting. Proc. 1st Int. Argan Cong. Agadir; 2011.
Badaouini M. Contribution to the selection and vegetative reproduction by grafting of performing argan (Argania spinosa (L) Skeels.) Specimen. Graduate thesis, IAV Hassan II, Agadir. 2015;117p.
INRA. Self-evaluation report of the medium-term research program of INRA PRHT 2013-2016; 2016.
Available:https://www.inra.org.ma/fr/content/rapport-dauto-%C3%A9valuation-du-programme-de-recherche-%C3%A0-moyen-terme-de-linra-prmt- 2013-2016
Charrouf Z. 20 years of action research to make the argan tree a lever for the sustainable development of rural Morocco. Int. Conf.: The argan tree leverage for human development in rural Morocco, Rabat; 2007.
Mezghenni H, Hamrouni L, Hanana M, Jamoussi B, Bouzid S, Khouja ML. Multiplication of the argan tree Argania spinosa (L.) Skeels. J. New Sci. 2014; 10(2):6-17.
ISSN: 2286-5314.
Dardour M. Study of pretreatments of seeds of Brachychiton populneus (Schott & Endl.) R.Br. and B. acerifolius F. Muell. in favor of their germination. J. Mater. About. Sci. 2014;5(6):1877-1884.
ISSN: 2028-2508.
Alouani M. Viability and aging of argan seeds (Argania spinosa (L.) Skeels). Africa Science 2014;10(1):245-255.
ISSN: 1813-548X
Bezzala A. Trial of introduction of the argan tree (Argania spinosa (L.) Skeels) in the M'doukel zone and evaluation of some parameters of resistance to drought. Graduate thesis, Univ. Batna, Batna. 2005; 96.
Ouallal I, Ouajdi M, Kerdouh B, Sanguin H, Rochdi A, Abbas Y.. Characterization of mycorrhizal resources for the safeguard of the argan forest ecosystem: A tool for modern biotechnology for the regeneration of the argan tree (Argania spinosa L.). Proc. 2nd Int. Argan Cong. Agadir; 2013.
Stokes P. Temperature and seed dormancy, in: Lang, A. (Ed.), Differenzierung und entwicklung / differentiation and development, handbuch der pflanzenphysiologie / Encyclopedia of Plant Physiology. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. 1965;2393–2450.
Available:https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-50088-6_60
Justamante MS, Ibáñez S, Villanova J, Pérez-Pérez JM. Vegetative propagation of argan tree (Argania spinosa (L.) Skeels) using In vitro germinated seeds and stem cuttings. Sci. Hortic. 2017;225: 81–87.
Available:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2017.06.066
Kéchaïri R, Lakhdari I. Contribution to the study of the argan tree Argania spinosa (L.) Skeels. Seedling multiplication trials at the Mascara laboratory. Graduate thesis, E.V.E. C.U. Mascara. 2002;67.
Miloudi A. Physiological and biochemical responses of the argan tree (Argania spinosa (L.) Skeels) to natural abiotic factors. PhD thesis, Univ. Es-Sénia, Oran. 2006;100.
Ziani S. Multiplication of the Argan tree (Argania spinosa L. Skeels) by In vitro seedling, microbuturing, micrografting, organogenesis and / or somatic embryogenesis. Graduate thesis, Univ. Hassiba Ben Bouali Chlef, Inst. Agro. Sci. 2014;108.
Al-Menaie HS., Al-Shatti A. Growing argan trees under Kuwait’s harsh environmental conditions. Proc. 2nd Int. Argan Cong. Agadir; 2013.
Ferradous A, Alifriqui M, Ouhammou A, Dupuis P, Khalil H. Germination and emergence of seeds of argan tree (Argania spinosa L. Skeels): Effect of provenance and the duration of storage. Proc. 3rd Int. Argan Cong. Agadir; 2015.
Alouani M, Bani Aameur F. Argan seed germination and nursery conditions: Effect of cold storage, gebberellic acid and mother-tree genotype. Ann. For. Sci. 2004; 61(2):191-194.
Urbanova T, Leubner‐Metzger G. Gibberellins and seed germination, in: Annual plant reviews online. American Cancer Society. 2018;253–284.
Available:https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119312994.apr0538
Vishal B, Kumar PP. Regulation of seed germination and abiotic stresses by gibberellins and abscisic acid. Front. Plant Sci. 2018;9.
Available:https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2018.00838
Kaneko M, Itoh H, Ueguchi-Tanaka M, Ashikari M, Matsuoka M. The α-amylase induction in endosperm during rice seed germination is caused by gibberellin synthesized in epithelium. Plant Physiol. 2002;128:1264–1270.
Available:https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.010785
Kéchaïri R, Abdoun F. Pilot tests of artificial regeneration of the argan tree in Tindouf in Algeria. Proc. 2nd Int. Argan Cong. Agadir; 2013.
Guedira M. Experimental study on the germination of argan seeds. Graduate thesis, I.A.V. Hassan II, Agadir. 1981;70.
Sicard P. Revue de l’arbre en oranie (organ of the society of friends of the tree), Bull. n° 20. Special printing Aiglon. Oran. 1957; 83.
Hmouni D, Zidane L, El Yacoubi H, Kaibi K, Maskour F, Ouallal I, Abbas Y, Rochdi A. Multiplication of the argan tree (Argania spinosa L. SKeels) by germination, cuttings and micro-cuttings. Proc. 2nd Int. Argan Cong. Agadir; 2013.
Willumsen J. Improvement of the physical conditions in peat substrates during the germination of cabbage seeds in organic farming. Proc. Int. Symp. Growing Media and Plant Nutrition in Horticulture, Acta Hort. 1997;450:183-190.
DOI: 10.17660/ActaHortic.1997.450.21
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