ASSESSMENT OF MICROBIAL LOAD IN BRANDED DRIED TEA MARKETED IN SMALL POUCHES
PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY,
Page 14-21
Abstract
Tea being an aromatic beverage commonly prepared by pouring hot or boiling water over cured leaves of the Camellia sinensis, is the most widely consumed drink in the world after water. There may be microbial contamination of tea powder commonly due to mishandling and unhygienic conditions during the storage and processing of tea. This microbial contamination may lead to serious health hazards. The study aims at conducting a microbial analysis of 10 samples of commercially available tea pouches to study the presence of various microorganisms including fungi in the samples of tea powder. According to the study, it was found that the bacterial load was observed in 80% of the samples (8 out of 10) of branded tea marketed in small pouches and the number of bacterial colonies ranged from 2-68 CFUs; sample no 7 showed the highest bacterial count of 68 CFUs. The bacteria that was commonly observed was bacillus and there was also fungal load in 60% of the sample (6 out of 10) pouches. This research serves as an eye opener to tea addicts and makes them know about the risk of increase in microbial load during shelf period.
Keywords:
- Tea
- quality
- contamination
- microbial load
- health hazard
How to Cite
MANIVANNAN, S., & MURALIDHARAN, N. P. (2020). ASSESSMENT OF MICROBIAL LOAD IN BRANDED DRIED TEA MARKETED IN SMALL POUCHES. PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY, 21(37-38), 14-21. Retrieved from https://www.ikppress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5398
References
Lou Heiss M, Heiss RJ. The story of tea: A cultural history and drinking guide. Ten Speed Press; 2011.
Joliffe L. The lure of tea: History, traditions and attractions. Food Tourism around the World. 2003;121–136.
Adhikary M, Maity S. India’s tea export in the scenario of WTO: An analysis of trend and structural shift. International Journal of Indian Culture and Business Management. 2010;3:162.
Hamilton-Miller JMT. Anti-cariogenic properties of tea (Camellia sinensis). Journal of Medical Microbiology. 2001;50: 299–302.
Halliwell B. Antioxidants and human disease: A general introduction. Nutrition Reviews. 2009;55:S44–S49.
Salem MR, Taha S, El Gwad RA. Evaluation of antimicrobial efficacy of green tea extract irritant versus physiological saline following root canal treatment of infected primary molars in a group of Egyptian children: A randomised control trial. Egyptian Dental Journal. 2017;63:101–110.
Karori SM, et al. Antioxidant capacity of different types of tea products. African Journal of Biotechnology. 2007;6:2287–2296.
Mulky MJ, Sharma VS. Tea: Culture, processing and marketing; 1993.
Singh ID. The Planter’s guide to tea culture and manufacture; 2005.
Mahanta PK, Baruah S, Owuor PO, et al. Flavour volatiles of Assam CTC black teas manufactured from different plucking standards and orthodox teas manufactured from different altitudes of Darjeeling. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 1988;45:317–324.
EFSA, European Food safety authority (EFSA). Opinion of the scientific panel on food additives, flavourings, processing aids and materials in contact with food (AFC) related to flavouring group evaluation 16 (FGE.16): Aromatic ketones from chemical group 21 (Commission Regulation (EC) No 1565/2000). EFSA Journal. 2006;4:330.
Mimica-Dukic N, Pavkov R, Lukic V, et al. Study of chemical composition and microbiological contamination of chamomile tea. Acta Horticulturae. 1993;137–142.
Kosalec I, Cvek J, Tomić S. Contaminants of medicinal herbs and herbal products. Arh Hig Rada Toksikol. 2009;60:485–501.
Haas D, Pfeifer B, Reiterich C, et al. Identification and quantification of fungi and mycotoxins from Pu-erh tea. International Journal of Food Microbiology. 2013;166:316–322.
Cháfer M, Sánchez-González L, González-Martínez C, et al. Fungal decay and shelf life of oranges coated with chitosan and bergamot, thyme and tea tree essential oils. Journal of Food Science. 2012;77:E182–E187.
Ashwin KS, Muralidharan NP. Vancomycin-resistant enterococcus (VRE) vs Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA). Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology. 2015;33:166.
Girija ASS, Smiline Girija AS, Vijayashree Priyadharsini J, et al. Plasmid-encoded resistance to trimethoprim/ sulfamethoxazole mediated by dfrA1, dfrA5, sul1 and sul2 among Acinetobacter baumannii isolated from urine samples of patients with severe urinary tract infection. Journal of Global Antimicrobial Resistance. 2019;17:145–146.
Selvakumar R, Np M. Comparison in benefits of herbal mouthwashes with chlorhexidine mouthwash: A review. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research. 2017;10:3.
Shahana RY, Muralidharan NP. Efficacy of mouth rinse in maintaining oral health of patients attending orthodontic clinics. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. 2016;9:1991.
Marickar RF, Geetha RV, Neelakantan P. Efficacy of contemporary and novel intracanal medicaments against Enterococcus faecalis. Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry. 2014;39:47–50.
Pratha AA, Ashwatha Pratha A, Geetha RV. Awareness on hepatitis-B vaccination among dental students-A questionnaire survey. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. 2017;10:1360.
Vaishali M, Geetha RV. Antibacterial activity of orange peel oil on Streptococcus mutans and Enterococcus-An In-vitro study. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. 2018;11:513.
Geetha RV, Thangavelu L. Evaluation of anti-inflammatory action of Laurus nobilis-an in vitro stud. International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2019;10:1209–1213.
Girija As S, Priyadharsini JV. CLSI based antibiogram profile and the detection of MDR and XDR strains isolated from urine samples. Med J Islam Repub Iran. 2019;33:3.
Girija SAS, Jayaseelan VP, Arumugam P. Prevalence of VIM- and GIM-producing Acinetobacter baumannii from patients with severe urinary tract infection. Acta Microbiologica et Immunologica Hungarica. 2018;65:539–550.
Paramasivam A, Priyadharsini JV, Raghunandhakumar S. N6-adenosine methylation (m6A): A promising new molecular target in hypertension and cardiovascular diseases. Hypertension Research. 2020;43:153–154.
Priyadharsini JV, Vijayashree Priyadharsini J, Smiline Girija AS, et al. An insight into the emergence of Acinetobacter baumannii as an oro-dental pathogen and its drug resistance gene profile – An in silico approach. Heliyon. 2018;4:e01051.
Priyadharsini JV, Vijayashree Priyadharsini J, Smiline Girija AS, et al. In silico analysis of virulence genes in an emerging dental pathogen A. baumannii and related species. Archives of Oral Biology. 2018;94:93– 98.
Shahzan MS, Sohaib Shahzan M, Smiline Girija AS, et al. A computational study targeting the mutated L321F of ERG11 gene in C. albicans, associated with fluconazole resistance with bioactive compounds from Acacia nilotica. Journal de Mycologie Médicale. 2019;29:303–309.
Smiline ASG, Vijayashree JP, Paramasivam A. Molecular characterization of plasmid-encoded blaTEM, blaSHV and blaCTX-M among extended spectrum β-lactamases [ESBLs] producing Acinetobacter baumannii. British Journal of Biomedical Science. 2018;75:200–202.
Viswanath P, Nanjegowda DK, Govindegowda H, et al. Aflatoxin Determination in black tea (Camellia Sinenis) - Status and development of a protocol. Journal of Food Safety. 2012;32: 13–21.
Canuel R, de Grosbois SB, Lucotte M, et al. New evidence on the effects of tea on mercury metabolism in humans. Archives of Environmental & Occupational Health. 2006;61:232–238.
Abe M, Takaoka N, Idemoto Y, et al. Characteristic fungi observed in the fermentation process for Puer tea. Int J Food Microbiol. 2008;124:199–203.
Microbiology of food and animal feeding stuff. General requirements and guidance for microbiological examinations.
DOI: 10.3403/30134006u
Joliffe L. The lure of tea: History, traditions and attractions. Food Tourism around the World. 2003;121–136.
Adhikary M, Maity S. India’s tea export in the scenario of WTO: An analysis of trend and structural shift. International Journal of Indian Culture and Business Management. 2010;3:162.
Hamilton-Miller JMT. Anti-cariogenic properties of tea (Camellia sinensis). Journal of Medical Microbiology. 2001;50: 299–302.
Halliwell B. Antioxidants and human disease: A general introduction. Nutrition Reviews. 2009;55:S44–S49.
Salem MR, Taha S, El Gwad RA. Evaluation of antimicrobial efficacy of green tea extract irritant versus physiological saline following root canal treatment of infected primary molars in a group of Egyptian children: A randomised control trial. Egyptian Dental Journal. 2017;63:101–110.
Karori SM, et al. Antioxidant capacity of different types of tea products. African Journal of Biotechnology. 2007;6:2287–2296.
Mulky MJ, Sharma VS. Tea: Culture, processing and marketing; 1993.
Singh ID. The Planter’s guide to tea culture and manufacture; 2005.
Mahanta PK, Baruah S, Owuor PO, et al. Flavour volatiles of Assam CTC black teas manufactured from different plucking standards and orthodox teas manufactured from different altitudes of Darjeeling. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 1988;45:317–324.
EFSA, European Food safety authority (EFSA). Opinion of the scientific panel on food additives, flavourings, processing aids and materials in contact with food (AFC) related to flavouring group evaluation 16 (FGE.16): Aromatic ketones from chemical group 21 (Commission Regulation (EC) No 1565/2000). EFSA Journal. 2006;4:330.
Mimica-Dukic N, Pavkov R, Lukic V, et al. Study of chemical composition and microbiological contamination of chamomile tea. Acta Horticulturae. 1993;137–142.
Kosalec I, Cvek J, Tomić S. Contaminants of medicinal herbs and herbal products. Arh Hig Rada Toksikol. 2009;60:485–501.
Haas D, Pfeifer B, Reiterich C, et al. Identification and quantification of fungi and mycotoxins from Pu-erh tea. International Journal of Food Microbiology. 2013;166:316–322.
Cháfer M, Sánchez-González L, González-Martínez C, et al. Fungal decay and shelf life of oranges coated with chitosan and bergamot, thyme and tea tree essential oils. Journal of Food Science. 2012;77:E182–E187.
Ashwin KS, Muralidharan NP. Vancomycin-resistant enterococcus (VRE) vs Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA). Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology. 2015;33:166.
Girija ASS, Smiline Girija AS, Vijayashree Priyadharsini J, et al. Plasmid-encoded resistance to trimethoprim/ sulfamethoxazole mediated by dfrA1, dfrA5, sul1 and sul2 among Acinetobacter baumannii isolated from urine samples of patients with severe urinary tract infection. Journal of Global Antimicrobial Resistance. 2019;17:145–146.
Selvakumar R, Np M. Comparison in benefits of herbal mouthwashes with chlorhexidine mouthwash: A review. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research. 2017;10:3.
Shahana RY, Muralidharan NP. Efficacy of mouth rinse in maintaining oral health of patients attending orthodontic clinics. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. 2016;9:1991.
Marickar RF, Geetha RV, Neelakantan P. Efficacy of contemporary and novel intracanal medicaments against Enterococcus faecalis. Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry. 2014;39:47–50.
Pratha AA, Ashwatha Pratha A, Geetha RV. Awareness on hepatitis-B vaccination among dental students-A questionnaire survey. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. 2017;10:1360.
Vaishali M, Geetha RV. Antibacterial activity of orange peel oil on Streptococcus mutans and Enterococcus-An In-vitro study. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. 2018;11:513.
Geetha RV, Thangavelu L. Evaluation of anti-inflammatory action of Laurus nobilis-an in vitro stud. International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2019;10:1209–1213.
Girija As S, Priyadharsini JV. CLSI based antibiogram profile and the detection of MDR and XDR strains isolated from urine samples. Med J Islam Repub Iran. 2019;33:3.
Girija SAS, Jayaseelan VP, Arumugam P. Prevalence of VIM- and GIM-producing Acinetobacter baumannii from patients with severe urinary tract infection. Acta Microbiologica et Immunologica Hungarica. 2018;65:539–550.
Paramasivam A, Priyadharsini JV, Raghunandhakumar S. N6-adenosine methylation (m6A): A promising new molecular target in hypertension and cardiovascular diseases. Hypertension Research. 2020;43:153–154.
Priyadharsini JV, Vijayashree Priyadharsini J, Smiline Girija AS, et al. An insight into the emergence of Acinetobacter baumannii as an oro-dental pathogen and its drug resistance gene profile – An in silico approach. Heliyon. 2018;4:e01051.
Priyadharsini JV, Vijayashree Priyadharsini J, Smiline Girija AS, et al. In silico analysis of virulence genes in an emerging dental pathogen A. baumannii and related species. Archives of Oral Biology. 2018;94:93– 98.
Shahzan MS, Sohaib Shahzan M, Smiline Girija AS, et al. A computational study targeting the mutated L321F of ERG11 gene in C. albicans, associated with fluconazole resistance with bioactive compounds from Acacia nilotica. Journal de Mycologie Médicale. 2019;29:303–309.
Smiline ASG, Vijayashree JP, Paramasivam A. Molecular characterization of plasmid-encoded blaTEM, blaSHV and blaCTX-M among extended spectrum β-lactamases [ESBLs] producing Acinetobacter baumannii. British Journal of Biomedical Science. 2018;75:200–202.
Viswanath P, Nanjegowda DK, Govindegowda H, et al. Aflatoxin Determination in black tea (Camellia Sinenis) - Status and development of a protocol. Journal of Food Safety. 2012;32: 13–21.
Canuel R, de Grosbois SB, Lucotte M, et al. New evidence on the effects of tea on mercury metabolism in humans. Archives of Environmental & Occupational Health. 2006;61:232–238.
Abe M, Takaoka N, Idemoto Y, et al. Characteristic fungi observed in the fermentation process for Puer tea. Int J Food Microbiol. 2008;124:199–203.
Microbiology of food and animal feeding stuff. General requirements and guidance for microbiological examinations.
DOI: 10.3403/30134006u
-
Abstract View: 625 times
PDF Download: 4 times
Download Statistics
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
